Budaya Jawa

A. Introduction of Literature’s Work

Literature which refers to a science with a broad discussion, which includes literary theory (discussing the basic notions about literary elements that make up a literary work, the types of literature and literary development of thought), history of literature (the dynamics of literature, figures and the characteristics of each stage of development of a literature, including literary works that stand out from the underlying streams of literature related to ideology and social conditions that influence it), literary criticism (talking about the understanding, interpretation, assessment, and appreciation of a literary work).

The types of literature include works of literature in the form of prose, literary form of poetry, literary form of drama. Prose form basically not directly related to the literature. Prose closer to the exposure, and an exposure is said to contain literary value because (1) within the exposure there is a row of events presented in a series of sentences that form a discourse, not shaped stanza and line, so the row the event will form a story, (2) in the event that the need for a character, one who plays and move the sequence of events, (3) in a series of events and characters are fictitious (not reality).

Meanwhile, poetry is a form of the oldest works of literature. Great works of world such as: Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Bharatayudha, and so written in the form of poetry. So that, not only to write poetry in literature, but also to beautify life. If literary works that shaped the drama is determined by the character among dialogues (story occurs because the dialogue), and can be enjoyed through a staging. Usually the play is the events themselves or events are staged, and the staging is related to audience participation.

The function of literature is to reveal the presence of beauty, value of benefits, and value of morality. A literary work is said to have value as works of literary beauty which was revealed in a prose, poetry, or drama is a literary work that can be enjoyed, both for readers (prose), listeners, and viewers. Thus, a good listener, reader, or watcher does not feel bored, depending on the quality of the relevant literature. If the quality of a literary work is low, then of course be boring readers, listeners, and viewers. Conversely, if a work has a high quality, although of course repeated, the readers, listeners, or viewers will not feel bored.

The more important of the functions of a literary work that has entertainment value and didactic value. A literary work (whether in the form of prose, poetry, or drama) to contain the value of entertainment and teach a moral message. For example, in the form of literary prose written by famous authors, of course, contain the value of entertainment. It also applies not only in the form of literary prose, but also in works of literature in the form of poetry and drama.

B. Description of Poems (Literature’s Works) in Java

Literary works of poetry known as Java (both ancient, medieval, and new) in accordance with its metrum, Javanese poetry include: (1) tembang gedhe/sekar ageng, with metrum of India and the language used Javanese ancient languages ​​(kawi kuno), (2) tembang tengahan/sekar tengahan, with India and local metrum of ancient Java and Java language middle, (3) tembang cilik/sekar alit/tembang macapat with metrum of Islam and use the new Java language.

Poetical works of literature are also well regarded literary works of the oldest in Indonesia. Not only in different parts of the archipelago, also in Java, is the oldest works of literature poetry (old), commonly called as: parikan and wangsalan, and known as known by the name macapat.

Mantra is an old Java poetic form used to deal with human religiosity, especially in dealing with things supernatural / supernatural (including god). Mantra is designed to facilitate human touch with the Almighty. To make someone easy in carrying out his petition to the gods, then uttered incantations. This spells deemed to contain the sacred/ power “linuwih”, not just anyone can do it.

Apart from a spell, works of literature in the form of poetry (old poem), known in Indonesia is a rhyme and poetry. The other types of long poems are talibun, gurindam, tersina and so that has a structure that its principles are the same as the structure of rhyme and verse. Rhymes and poems show the strong ties in terms of linguistic structure or physical structure. Thematic structure (the structure of meaning) is stated by rule type of rhyme and verse. Ties that give the value of beauty in linguistic structures that form the number of syllables per line, the number of lines per stanza, each stanza of the poem, and the rules in terms of structure and Rithm.

In the tradition of Javanese culture, literature and poetry like poem is parikan and wangsalan. Poem is a poem formed Parikan Java model, which only exists in the usual two lines is named sampiran. While wangsalan, the first two lines is not only a sound, a puzzle that will be answered on the elements contents.

C. Relationship of Islam to Javanese Literature’s Works

Poetic form used in making the literary works of poets palace of Surakarta is the poem that has metrum of Javanese Islam, namely Mijil, Kinanthi, Pocung, sinom, Asmaradana, Dhandanggula, pangkur, Maskumambang, Durma, Gambuh, and Megatruh. The songs is shaped by Javanese macapat poem that contains the value of literature. The reason, poetry is essentially a work of literature, and all literary works are imaginative, and the expression of poetry or imaginative creator have value if the creators of literary poetry capable of expressing ideas carefully and accurately. So that, poetry should be expressive, imaginative, and the language used in poetry must be connotative. Connotative language in literary language meaning is used with allusion and symbolism. This is because in the language of literature, especially in poetry, there is concern all the power of language.

So, the macapat songs of new Java which is a poem that was revealed in literature, by the poets use to convey their ideas. Macapat songs have expressive qualities-imaginative, connotative and incarnate in the physical structure and non-physical in an integrated manner. The nature of such a requirement is a poem that has a value of quality literature.

The purpose of the linkage between Islam and Javanese literary works are the links that are moral imperatives. That is, links that show the overall color or style that dominated the literary works. Javanese literary works are the literary works of poets who lived in the palace of Surakarta Java era of new period that has Islamic metrum. pattern that dominated literary works of the new Java, among others, nature knights problem, oneness, morality or good behavior, and others.

D. Literature's Works Used New Java Poem

1. Literary Works of Sri Mangkunegaran IV (Serat-Serat Piwulang)

a. Serat Warayagnya (1784), using Dhandanggula song, contains 10 verses.

b. Serat Wirawiyata wear sinom song (contains 42 verses), song pangkur (contains 14 verses).

c. Serat Sriyatna, wearing Dhandanggula song contains 15 verses.

d. Serat Nayakawara, use pangkur song (contains 21 verses), and Dhandanggula song (contains 12 verses).

e. Serat Paliatma (1799), using Dhandanggula song contains 18 verses.

f. Serat Paliwara (1812), using Dhandanggula song contains 6 verses, and contains 7 songs sinom stanza.

g. Serat Paliwarma (1793), using mijil song contains 11 verses, and song Pocung contains 11 verses.

h. Serat Salokatama (1799), using Mijil song contains 31 verses.

i. Serat Darmalaksita (1807), using 12 verses of Dhandanggula song, and song Kinanthi contains 10 verses, and Mijil song contains 18 verses.

j. Serat Triparma, using Dhandanggula song contains 7 verses.

k. Serat Yogatama, using Dhandanggula song contains 7 verses, and contains 7 songs Kinanthi stanza.

l. Serat Wedhatama, using Pocung song contains 15 verses, songs Gambuh containing 25 verses, songs pickaxe contains 14 verses, and song sinom contains 18 verses.

2. Literary works of R. Ngb. Ranggawarsito (unknown):

a. Serat Kalatiddha, using sinom contains 12 verses.

b. Serat Sabdjati, using Megatruh song contains 19 verses.

c. Serat Sandatama, using Gambuh song contains 22 verses.

d. Serat Wedharaga, using Gambuh song contains 38 verses.

3. Literature Susuhunan Pakubuwana IV:

Serat Wulangreh, which uses some songs, Dhandanggula contains 8 verses, Kinanthi contains 16 verses, Gambuh contains 17 verses, pangkur contains 17 verses, Maskumambang contains 34 verses, Megatruh contains 17 verses, Durma contains 12 verses, Wirangrong contains 27 verses, Pocung contains 23 verses, asmaradana contains 28 verses, sinom contains 33 verses, and Girisa contains 12 verses.

E. Islamization of Java's Works Contemporary Literature

The works of contemporary Javanese (Independence Day) is difficult to find because most poetry makers are still reluctant to create an Islamic poetry. Most of them were made of literary works which is more than the Islamic Javanism. Also, the Islamic Javanese poetry is assumed more excited yet, so most of them are more like poems of Javanism.

F. Bibliography

§ Amin, Darori dkk. Islam dan Kebudayaan Jawa. Gama Media. Yogyakarta. 2000.

§ Simuh. Mistik Islam Kejawen Raden Ngabehi Ronggowarsito. UI Press. Jakarta. 1988.

§ Kayam, Umar dkk. Ketika Orang Jawa Nyeni. Galang Press. Yogyakarta. 2000.

Wiyasa, Thomas dan Bratawijaya. Mengungkap dan Mengenal Budaya Jawa. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. Jakarta. 1997.